被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,是动词的一种特殊形式。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。被动语态的be在一般情况下都是不可以省略的。但是在前置定语修饰的时候或后置的定语从句中是可以省略的。
一、被动语态不用be的情况
1.前置定语修饰的时候
The broken glass.破碎的杯子。
2.后置的定语从句中省略be动词
The man() given a praise is my uncle.被表扬的那个男人是我的叔叔。
省略的部分是“Which is be”。
二、被动语态
1.构成
(1)助动词be+及物动词的过去分词
(2)情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
2.特殊用法
(1)不及物动词无被动语态。如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
(2)有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
(3)感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
(4)如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
(5)一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.