动词-ing形式包括传统语法的动名词和现在分词两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征,同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。
动词现在分词由动词原形在词尾加ing构成,其规则如下:
1)一般情况下直接加ing
think---thinking sleep---sleeping study---studying speak---speaking carry---carrying say---saying
2)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词,去掉字母e,再加ing
wake---waking make---making come---coming take---taking leave---leaving have---having
3)以重读闭音节结尾,呈现“辅,元,辅”结构的动词,先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing 。初中学过的这类词有:begin,cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。 (visit 不是以重读闭音节结尾,不用双写)
travel虽然重读第一音节,词尾音节不重读,但是现在分词仍要双写末尾辅音字母,然后再加ing ,如:travel---travelling. 初中阶段此类词只有这一个。
4)以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing
carry—— carrying enjoy—— enjoying
5)以ie结尾的动词,把ie改为y ,再加ing
die---dying lie---lying
要特别注意有些动词没有进行时态.
1、表示状态、思想、感情和感觉的动词,如:see, hear, love, know, want, hope, think等,没有进行时态。
2、当have/has作为“拥有”时,没有进行时态,但表示“开会,吃饭,玩得高兴”等意思时,可以用进行时表达。 I am having many books. (这是错误的句子)
I am having a good time. (这才是正确的句子)
-ing形式规则
1.一般情况直接+ing
例:sweep-sweeping read-reading
2.以不发音e结尾的去e+ing
例:take-taking make-making have-having
ride-riding
3.重读闭音节一个辅音字母结尾,双写辅音字母+ing
例:shop-shopping sit-sitting swim-swimming
动词ing形式变化规则一般总结为:
1. –ing 分词的构成主动形式 被动形式 doing being done 一般式 完成式 having done having been done 否定式: not+ --ing/not having(been) done 不是 having not (been) done
2. 一般式和完成式的用法--ing 分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示 的动作同时进行的一个动作;完成式表示 先于谓语动词动作之前的一个动作。如: Walking along the street, he caught sight of an old friend of his. Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
3. ---ing分词的被动式当-ing 分词与它的逻辑主语构成被 动关系时,需要用被动形式。根据-ing 分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动 式分为一般被动式(being done)和完成被 动式(having been done), 如: The question being discussed is very important. Having been praised by the teacher, he works even harder.
4. ---ing分词的句法功能1) ---ing 分词作主语 Learning English has become a part of his life. It is no use trying to repair the ship. These holes are much too big. 2) ---ing分词作宾语 以下动词必须跟---ing分词作宾语:admit/ appreciate/avoid/consider/delay/deny/dislike/enjoy /excuse/finish/image/keep/mind/ miss/postpone/put off/practise/risk/stand/ stop/ suggest / give up/cannot help